1. the existing global structures tend to perpetuate inequality and exploitation; aid is generally misconceived, does not deal with the real problems and undermines local initiatives while existing trade patterns are ruinous to local production and distribution systems.

2. any efforts at change must come from the grassroots in cooperation with those institutions (preferably cooperative) that are willing to work with and help finance workers in a systemic and just way.

3. women should be at the centre of such collaborative efforts as they have ben shown in example after example to be the most committed and serious participants.

I have not worked in Africa but my experience in Latin America and the Philippines before I retired reinforces what I have written.

It is only by breaking the bonds of dependence on Western governments and international institutions that any progress can be achieved.

Continue with the good work.